NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise Solutions – Plant Kingdom
Contents
NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise SolutionsPhysicsChemistry
1. Which one of the following statements is wrong? (AlPMT 2015, Cancelled)
(a) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food.
(b) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae.
(c) Algin and carrageenan are products of algae.
(d) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
2. In which of the following, gametophyte is not independent free living? (AlPMT 2015, Cancelled)
(a) Pteris
(b) Pinus
(c) Funaria
(d) Marchantia
3. Read the following five statements (A to E) and (AlPMT 2015, Cancelled)
select the option with all correct statements.
A. Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to colonise a bare rock.
B. Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte.
C. Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM.
D. Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic, whereas in pteridophytes it is sporophytic.
E. In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes are present within sporangia located on sporophyte.
(a) A, D and E
(b) B, C and E
(c) A, C and D
(d) B, C and D
4. Male gametes are flagellated in (AlPMT 2015, Cancelled)
(a) Ectocarpus
(b) Spirogyra
(c) Polysiphonia
(d) Anabaena.
5. Which one of the following is wrong about Charal (AlPMT 2014)
(a) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium
(b) Globule and nucule present on the same plant
(c) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium
(d) Globule is male reproductive structure
6. Which of the following is responsible for peat formation? (AlPMT 2014)
(a) Marchantia
(b) Riccia
(c) Funaria
(d) Sphagnum
7. Male gametophyte with least number of cells is present in (AlPMT 2014)
(a) Pteris
(b) Funaria
(c) Lilium
(d) Pinus.
8. Select the wrong statement. (NEET 2013)
(a) In Oomycetes, female gamete is smaller and motile, while male gamete is larger and non- motile.
(b) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy.
(c) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and behaviour.
(d) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function or behaviour.
9. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found in (NEET 2013)
(a) Volvox
(b) Fucus
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Spirogyra.
10. Monoecious plant of Chara shows occurrence of (NEET 2013)
(a) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the same plant.
(b) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant.
(c) antheridiophore and archegoniophore on the same plant.
(d) stamen and carpel on the same plant.
11. Read the following statements (A – E) and answer the question which follows them. (NEET 2013)
(A) In liverworts, mosses, and ferns gametophytes are free-living.
(B) Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.
(C) Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is oogamous.
(D) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses.
(E) Both, Pin us and Marchantia are dioecious.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) One
(d) Two.
12. Syngamy can occur outside the body of the organism in(Karnataka NEET 2013)
(a) mosses
(b) algae
(c) ferns
(d) fungi.
13. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris and Ginkgo? (Karnataka NEET 2013)
(a) Presence of archegonia
(b) Well developed vascular tissues
(c) Independent gametophyte
(d) Independent sporophyte
14. Which one of the following is wrongly matched? (Karnataka NEET 2013)
(a) Spirogyra – Motile gametes
(b) Sargassum – Chlorophyll
(c) Basidiomycetes – Puffballs
(d) Nostoc – Water blooms
15. The plant body is thalloid in (Karnataka NEET 2013)
(a) Sphagnum
(b) Salvinia
(c) Marchantia
(d) Funaria.
16. Which one of the following is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and protonema of mosses?
(a) Diplontic life cycle
(b) Members of kingdom plantae
(c) Mode of nutrition
(d) Multiplication by fragmentation.
17. Which one of the following is a correct statement? (Prelims 2012)
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage.
(b) In gymnosperms female gametophyte is free- living.
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes.
18. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having (Prelims 2012)
(a) seeds
(b) motile sperms
(c) cambium
(d) vessels.
19. Which one of the matched? following pairs is wrongly (Mains 2012)
(a) Ginkgo – Archegonia
(b) Salvinia – Prothallus
(c) Viroids – RNA
(d) Mustard- Synergids.
20. Read the following five statements (A – E) and answer as asked next to them. (Mains 2012)
(A) In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte.
(B) In Ginkgo, male gametophyte is not independent.
(C) The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than that in Poly trie hum.
(D) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
(E) The spores of slime moulds lack cell walls.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One.
21. How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs? (Mains 2012)
Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces, Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolffia.
(a) Four
(b) Five
(c) Six
(d) Three.
22. The gametophyte is not an independent, free- living generation in (Prelims 2011)
(a) Polytrichum
(b) Adiantum
(c) Marchantia
(d) Pinus.
23. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, the gametophytes of vascular plants tend to be (Prelims 2011)
(a) smaller but to have larger sex organs
(b) larger but to have smaller sex organs
(c) larger and to have larger sex organs
(d) smaller and to have smaller sex organs.
24. Archegoniophore is present in (Prelims 2011)
(a) Marchantia
(b) Chara
(c) Adiantum
(d) Funaria.
25. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen fixing symbiont is found in (Prelims 2011)
(a) Alnns
(b) Cycas
(c) Cicer
(d) Pisum.
26. Examine the figure given below and select the correct option giving all the four parts (A, B, C and D) rightly identified. (Mains 2011)
27. Selaginella and Salvinia are considered to represent a significant step toward evolution of seed habit because ( Mains 2011)
(a) female gametophyte is free and gets dispersed like seeds.
(b) female gametophyte lacks archegonia.
(c) megaspores possess endosperm and embryo surrounded by seed coat.
(d) embryo develops in female gametophyte which is retained on parent sporophyte.
28. Consider the following four statements whether they are correct or wrong. ( Mains 2011)
(A) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses.
(B) Salvinia is heterosporous.
(C) The life-cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic.
(D) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on different trees.
The two wrong statements together are
(a) A and C
(b) A and D
(c) B and C
(d) A and B
29. Algae have cells made up of (Prelims 2010)
(a) cellulose, galactans and mannans
(b) hemicellulose, pectins and proteins
(c) pectins, cellulose and proteins
(d) cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins.
30. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free-living in (Prelims 2010)
(a) mustard
(b) castor
(c) Pinus
(d) Sphagnum.
31. Which one of the following is monoecious? (Mains 2010)
(a) Marchantia
(b) Cycas
(c) Pinus
(d) date palm
32. Examine the figures A, B, C and D. In which one of the four options all the items A, B, C and D are correct? (Mains 2010)
(a) Char a Marchantia Fucus Pinus
(b) Equisetum Ginkgo Selaginella Lycopodium
(c) Selaginella Equisetum Salvinia Ginkgo
(d) Funaria Adiantum Salvinia Riccia
33. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam? (Prelims 2009)
(a) Ginkgo
(b) Marchantia
(c) Cedrus
(d) Equisetum
34. Mannitol is the stored food in (Prelims 2009)
(a) Porphyra
(b) Fucus
(c) Gracillaria
(d) Chara.
35. Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit? (Prelims 2009)
(a) heterospory
(b) haplontic life cycle
(c) free-living gametophyte
(d) dependent sporophyte
36. Which one of the following has haplontic life cycle? (Prelims 2009)
(a) Polytrichum
(b) Ustilago
(c) wheat
(d) Funaria
37. Which one of the following plants is monoecious? (Prelims 2009)
(a) Pinus
(b) Cycas
(c) papaya
(d) Marchantia
38. Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms (Prelims 2008)
(a) perianth and two integuments
(b) embryo development and apical meristem
(c) absence of resin duct and leaf venation
(d) presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia.
39. In which one of the following male and female gametophytes do not have free living independent existence? (Prelims 2008)
(a) Polytrichum
(b) Cedrus
(c) Pteris
(d) Funaria.
40. Which one of the following is heterosporous? (Prelims 2008)
(a) Adiantum
(b) Equisetum
(c) Dryopteris
(d) Salvinia.
41. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents (2007)
(a) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
(b) an opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg
(c) the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
(d) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed.
42. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by (2007)
(a) indusium
(b) calyptra
(c) peristome teeth
(d) elaters.
43. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets? (2007)
(a) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrillci
(b) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
(c) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
(d) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra.
44. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose? (2007)
(a) nature of stored food materials in the cell
(b) structural organization of thaflus
(c) chemical composition of the cell wall
(d) types of pigments present in the cell.
45. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a result (2007)
(a) there is high degree of sterility
(b) one can conclude that the plant is apomictic
(c) self fertilization is prevented
(d) there is no change in success rate of fertilization.
46. Peat moss is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because (2006)
(a) it serves as a disinfectant
(b) it is easily available
(c) it is hygroscopic
(d) it reduces transpiration .
47. Conifers differ from grasses in the (2006)
(a) formation of endosperm before fertilization
(b) production of seeds from ovules
(c) lack of xylem tracheids
(d) absence of pollen tubes.
48. In a moss, the sporophyte (2006)
(a) manufactures food for itself, as well as for the gametophyte
(b) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
(c) produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte
(d) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte.
49. Auxospores and hormogonia are formed, respectively, by (2005)
(a) some diatoms and several cyanobacteria
(b) some cyanobacteria and many diatoms
(c) several cyanobacteria and several diatoms
(d) several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria.
50. Ectophloic siphonostele is found in (2005)
(a) Osmunda and Equisetum
(b) Marsilea and Botrychium
(c) Adiantum and Cucurbitaceae
(d) Dicksonia and Maidenhair fern.
51. Match items m C olumn I with those in C olumn II (2005)
Column I Column II
(A) Peritrichous flagellation (J) Ginkgo
(B) Living fossil (K) Macrocystis
(C) Rhizophore (L) Escherichia coli
(D) Smallest flowering plant (M) Selaginella
(E) Largest perennial alga (N) Wolffia.
Select the correct answer from the following.
(a) A – L; B – J; C – M; D – N; E – K
(b) A – K; B – J; C – L; D – M; E – N
(c) A – N; B – L; C – K; D – N; E – J
(d) A – J; B – K; C – N; D – L; E – K.
52. Top-shaped multiciliate male gametes, and the mature seed which bears only one embryo with two cotyledons, are characterised features of (2005)
(a) cycads
(b) conifers
(c) polypetalous angiosperms
(d) gamopetalous angiosperms.
53. Diversification in plant life appeared (2004)
(a) due to long periods of evolutionary changes
(b) due to abrupt mutations
(c) suddenly on earth
(d) by seed dispersal.
54. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their (2004)
(a) power of adaptability in diverse habitat
(b) property of producing large number of seeds
(c) nature of self pollination
(d) domestication by man.
55. Which one of the following pairs of plants are not seed producers ? (2003)
(a) Fern and Funaria
(b) Funaria and Ficus
(c) Ficus and Chlamydomonas
(d) Funaria and Pinus
56. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is an advanced feature because it shows (2003)
(a) different sizes of motile sex organs
(b) same size of motile sex organs
(c) morphologically different sex organs
(d) physiologically differentiated sex organs.
57. Plants reproducing by spores such as mosses and ferns are grouped under the general term (2003)
(a) cryptogams
(b) bryophytes
(c) sporophytes
(d) thallophytes.
58. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent the grouping spermatophyta according to one of the schemes of classifying plants ? (2003)
(a) Acacia, sugarcane
(b) Pinus, Cycas
(c) Rhizopus, Triticum
(d) Ginkgo, Pisum
59. Which of the following is without exception in angiosperms? (2002)
(a) presence of vessels
(b) double fertilisation
(c) secondary growth
(d) autotrophic nutrition.
60. Which of the following plants produces seeds but not flowers?(2002)
(a) maize
(b) mint
(c) peepal
(d) Pinus.
61. Cycas has two cotyledons but not included in angiosperms because of (2001)
(a) naked ovules
(b) seems like monocot
(c) circinate ptyxis
(d) compound leaves.
62. A student observed an algae with chlorophyll a, b and phycoerythrin, it should belong to (2000)
(a) phaeophyta
(b) rhodophyta
(c) chlorophyta
(d) bacillariophyta.
63. In ferns, meiosis takes place at the time of (2000)
(a) spore formation
(b) spore germination
(c) gamete formation
(d) antheridia and archegonia formation.
64. Plant group with largest ovule, largest tree, and largest gametes is (2000)
(a) gymnosperm
(b) angiosperm
(c) bryophyta
(d) pteridophyta.
65. The antherozoids of Funaria are (1999)
(a) multiciliated
(b) monociliated
(c) aciliated
(d) biciliated.
66. Bryophytes comprise (1999)
(a) dominant phase of gametophyte which produces spores
(b) small sporophyte phase and generally parasitic on gametophyte
(c) sporophyte is of longer duration
(d) dominant phase of sporophyte which is parasitic.
67. In which of the following would you place the plants having vascular tissue lacking seeds? (1999)
(a) pteridophytes
(b) gymnosperms
(c) algae
(d) bryophytes.
68. Which of the following is true about bryophytes ? (1999)
(a) they are thalloid
(b) they posses archegonia
(c) they contain chloroplast
(d) all of these.
69. Dichotomous branching is found in (1999)
(a) liverworts
(b) pteridophytes
(c) fern
(d) Funaria.
70. Which one of the following statements about Cycas is incorrect? (1998)
(a) it has circinate vernation
(b) its xylem is mainly composed of xylem vessel
(c) its roots contain some blue-green algae
(d) it does not have a well organized female flower.
71. Largest sperms in the plants world are found in (1998)
(a) Banyan
(b) Cycas
(c) Thuja
(d) Pinus.
72. Uiothrix can be described as a (1998)
(a) filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive stages
(b) membranous alga producing zoospores
(c) filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages
(d) non-motile colonial alga lacking zoospores.
73. Bryophytes are dependent on water, because (1998)
(a) water is essential for their vegetative propagation
(b) the sperms can easily reach upto egg in the archegonium
(c) archegonium has to remain filled with water for fertilization
(d) water is essential for fertilization for their homosporous nature.
74. The walking fern is so named because (1998)
(a) it propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips
(b) it known how to walk by itself
(c) its spores are able to walk
(d) it is dispersed through the agency of walking animals.
75. Transfusion tissue is present in the leaves of (1998)
(a) Pinus
(b) Dryopteris
(c) Cycas
(d) both (a) and (c).
76. Heterospory and seed habit are often exhibited by a plant possessing (1997)
(a) petiole
(b) ligule
(c) bract
(d) spathe.
77. An alga, very rich in protein, is (1997)
(a) Chlorella
(b) Nostoc
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Ulothrix.
78. Ulothrix filaments produce (1997)
(a) heterogametes
(b) basidiospores
(c) isogametes
(d) anisogametes.
79. Bryophytes can be separated from algae, because they (1997)
(a) possess archegonia
(b) contain chloroplast
(c) are thalloid forms
(d) have no conducting tissue.
80. Multicellular branched rhizoids and leafy gametophytes are the characteristics of (1997)
(a) some bryophytes
(b) pteridophytes
(c) all bryophytes
(d) gymnosperms.
81. Brown algae is characterised by the presence of (1997)
(a) fucoxanthin
(b) haematochrome
(c) phycocyanin
(d) phycoerythrin.
82. The smallest plant family ‘Gymnosperm’ has how many species? (1996)
(a) 640
(b) 300
(c) 1000
(d) 900.
83. Which of the following plant kingdom is called ‘amphibians’? (1996)
(a) pteridophyta
(b) thallophyta
(c) tracheophyta
(d) bryophyta.
84. Elater mechanism for spore dispersal is exhibited by (1996)
(a) liverworts
(b) Marchantia
(c) Riccia
(d) Funaria.
85. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm will be (1996)
(a) 12
(b) 8
(c) 16
(d) 24.
86. The pyrenoids are made up of (1995)
(a) proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath
(b) core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein sheath
(c) core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath
(d) core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein.
87. The plant body of moss (Funaria) is (1995)
(a) completely sporophyte
(b) predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte
(c) completely gametophyte
(d) predominantly sporophyte with gametophyte.
88. The sexual reproduction is absent in (1995)
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Nostoc
(c) Ulothrix
(d) Volvox.
89. A well developed archegonium with neck consisting of 4-6 rows and neck canal cells, characterises (1995)
(a) gymnosperms and flowering plants
(b) pteridophytes and gymnosperms
(c) gymnosperms only
(d) bryophytes and pteridophytes.
90. Many blue-green algae occur in thermal springs (hot water springs). The temperature tolerance of these algae have been attributed to their (1994)
(a) mitochondrial structure
(b) importance of homopolar bonds in their proteins
(c) cell wall structure
(d) modern cell organization.
91. In chlorophyceae, the mode of sexual reproduction is (1994)
(a) isogamy
(b) anisogamy
(c) oogamy
(d) all of these.
92. In Pinus, the wings of the seed develops from (1994)
(a) ovuliferous scale
(b) integument
(c) nucellus
(d) bract.
93. In bryophytes (1994)
(a) both generations are independent
(b) gametophytes are dependent upon sporophytes
(c) sporophytes complete their life cycle
(d) sporophytes are dependent upon gameto-phytes.
94. Which one is the most advanced from evolutionary view point (1993)
(a) Selaginella
(b) Funaria
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Pinus.
95. Pinus differs from mango in having (1993)
(a) tree habit
(b) green leaves
(c) ovules not enclosed in ovary
(d) wood.
96. Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of (1993)
(a) Porphyra
(b) enzymes
(c) fat
(d) starch.
97. Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes and thallophytes in having (1993)
(a) vascular tissues
(b) motile antherozoids
(c) archegonia
(d) alternation of generations.
98. Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas is (1993)
(a) stellate
(b) cup-shaped
(c) collar-shaped
(d) spiral.
99. In Ulothrix/Spirogyra, reduction division (meiosis) occurs at the time of (1993)
(a) gamete formation
(b) zoospore formation
(c) zygospore germination
(d) vegetative reproduction.
100. Pteridophytes differ from mosses/bryophytes in possessing (1993)
(a) independent gametophyte
(b) well developed vascular system
(c) archegonia
(d) flagellate spermatozoids.
101. Protonema occurs in the life cycle of (1993, 90)
(a) Riccia
(b) Funaria
(c) Anthoceros
(d) Spirogya.
102. Resin and turpentine are obtained from (1992)
(a) Cycas
(b) Pinus
(c) Cedrus
(d) Abies.
103. Turpentine is got from (1992)
(a) angiospermous wood
(b) bryophytes
(c) gymnospermous wood
(d) ferns.
104. In Pinus, the pollen grain has 6 chromosomes then in its endosperm will have (1992)
(a) 12
(b) 18
(c) 6
(d) 24.
105. A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and fruits belongs to (1992)
(a) pteridophytes
(b) mosses
(c) ferns
(d) gymnosperms.
106. Which one of the following is not common between Funaria and Selaginella (1992)
(a) archegonium
(b) embryo
(c) flagellate sperms
(d) roots.
107. The plant group that produces spores and embryo but lacks vascular tissues and seeds is (1992)
(a) pteridophyta
(b) rhodophyta
(c) bryophyta
(d) phaeophyta.
108. A plant in which sporophytic generation is represented by zygote is (1992)
(a) Pinus
(b) Selaginella
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Dryopteris.
109. Bryophytes are amphibians because (1991)
(a) they require a layer of water for carrying out sexual reproduction
(b) they occur in damp places
(c) they are mostly aquatic
(d) all the above.
110. Which one has the largest gametophyte (1991)
(a) Cycas
(b) angiosperm
(c) Selaginella
(d) moss.
111. The common mode of sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas is
(a) isogamous
(b) anisogamous
(c) oogamous
(d) hologamous.
112. The product of conjugation in Spirogyra or fertilization of Chlamydomonas is (1991)
(a) zygospore
(b) zoospore
(c) oospore
(d) carpospore.
113. Moss peristome takes part in (1990)
(a) spore dispersal
(b) photosynthesis
(c) protection
(d) absorption.
114. Apophysis in the capsule of Funaria is (1990)
(a) lower part
(b) upper Part
(c) middle part
d) fertile part.
115. In -Pinus/gymnosperms, the haploid structure are (1989)
(a) megaspore, endosperm and embryo
(b) megaspore, pollen grain and endosperm
(c) megaspore, integument and root
(d) pollen grain, leaf and root.
116. Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris were released together near the archegonia of Pteris. Only its sperms enter the archegonia as (1989)
(a) Pteris archegonia repel Funaria sperms
(b) Funaria sperms get killed by Pteris sperms
(c) Funaria sperms are less mobile
(d) Pteris archegonia release chemical to attract its sperms.
117. Evolutionary important character of Selaginella is (1989)
(a) heterosporous nature
(b) rhizophore
(c) strobili
(d) ligule.
118. In Pinux/Cycax/gymnosperms, the endosperm is (1988)
(a) triploid
(b) haploid
(c) diploid
(d) tetraploid.
119. Prothallus (gametophyte) gives rise to fern plant (sporophyte) without fertilization. It is (1988)
(a) apospory
(b) apogamy
(c) parthenocarpy
(d) parthenogenesis.
120. Sexual reproduction involving fusion of two cells in Chlamydomonas is (1988)
(a) isogamy
(b) homogamy
(c) somatogamy
(d) hologamy.
Explanations
1. (b)
Laminarin and mannitol are food reserves of brown algae or Phaeophyceae. Rhodophycean algae store food in the form of floridean starch.
2. (b)
In gymnosperms (like Pinus), the male and female gametophyte do not have an independent free living existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes i.e., female gametophyte (within megasporangium) and male gametophyte (within microsporangium). In bryophytes like Marchantia and Funaria, the main plant body is a gametophyte which is independent and the sporophyte is partially or fully dependent on gametophytic generation. In pteridophytes (like Pteris), gametophyte is usually independent and sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle.
3. (a)
Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte. Corralloid roots of Cycas harbour blue green algae like Nostoc, Anabaena and are not a type of VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) which is a symbiotic association with fimgus.
4. (a)
Ectocarpus produces biflagellate gametes. Anabaena is a cyanobacteria and does not reproduce sexually. Spirogyra produces non-flagellated male gamete during conjugation, where entire cell content functions as gamete. Polysiphonia also produces non- flagellated spermatia.
5. (c)
All species of Cham reproduce sexually and show highly advanced oogamy. The sex organs are the most distinctive features of the order Charales and are the most complicated among the thallophytes. Male and female gametangia are called antheridia and oogonia respectively. Male fructification (cluster of antheridia) is called globule and the female is nucule. They are borne at the nodes of short branches, globule towards lower side and nucule (female structure) towards upper side.
6. (d)
Among the bryophytes Sphagnum accounts by far the most important place economically. It is popularly called bog moss or peat moss. It is perennial and its growth continues year after year. Older portions undergo death but do not decompose due to secretion of acid that accounts for the antibacterial and antifungal actions. The increasing mass of dead remains accumulate year after year and form a compact dark coloured mass rich in carbon which is called peat. Peat is used as fuels. Paraffin, acetic acid, peat tar and ammonia are formed as by-products of peat obtained for industrial uses.
7. (c)
Pteris has a multicellular gametophytic prothallus which has both antheridia and archegonia. Funaria has a bisexual leafy gametophyte which is the dominant phase of life. In both Lilium (an angiosperm) and Pinus (a gymnosperm) male gametophyte is highly reduced and is 2 celled and 3 celled respectively. Thus male gametophyte with least number of cells is present in Lilium.
8. (a)
In oomycetes, like other oogamous organisms female gamete is large and non- motile, while male gamete is small and motile.
9. (d)
Chlamydomonas has flagellated gametes which are similar or dissimilar in size. In Volvox and Fucus, non-motile female gametes and motile male gametes are produced (oogamy). Spirogyra has gametes that are similar in size (isogamous) and are non-flagellated.
10. (b)
In Chara, antheridium and oogonium (globule and nucule respectively) are borne at the nodes of short branches, with globule towards lower side and nucule towards upper side.
11. (a)
12. (b)
Syngamy is the complete and permanent fusion of male and female gametes to form the zygote. When fertilization occurs outside the body of the organism, this type of gametic fusion is called external fertilization or external syngamy. In majority of algae, external fertilization occurs.
13. (a)
In Funaria (Bryophyta), Dryopteris (Pteridophyta) and Ginkgo (Gymnosperrji) female sex organ archaegonium is formed. Funaria lacks independent sporophyte and vascular tissues while independent gametophyte is absent in Ginkgo.
14. (a)
In Spirogyra, gametes are non-motile and sexual reproduction takes place by conjugation. Sargassum belongs to Phaeophyceae group of algae. They are commonly called as ‘brown algae’ and contain photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and c. Puffballs are Basidomycetes with a stalked rounded structure that sends out puffs of spores, e.g., Lycoperdon oblongisporum. Nostoc is a colonial cyanobacterium. It enriches its habitat with nitrogen by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and also causes water bloom.
15. (c)
Sphagnum and Funaria belong to class Bryopsida of division Bryophyta. They are typically mosses. The plant body has radial symmetry and is essentially leafy. Salvinia belongs to division Pteridophyta. It has a sporophyte plant body with true leaves, stem and roots. Marchantia belongs to class hepaticopsida of division Bryophyta. They are also called liverworts. The plant body is a dorsoventrally flattened thallus.
16. (d)
Algae and moss are included in plant kingdom while fungi constitute a separate kingdom. Among them, mosses invariably show diplontic life cycle while others may or may not. Algae and moss are autotrophic while fungi are heterotrophs. But they all show multiplication by fragmentation.
17. (d)
In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds; such plants are called homosporous. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.
18. (b)
Cycas is a gymnosperm and Adiantum is a pteridophyte. Cambium and seeds are absent in pteridophytes, while vessels are absent in both of these two groups. Both Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having multi-ciliated sperms.
19. (b)
Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which ‘reduce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro small) spores, are known as heterosporous ‘teridophytes. The megaspores and microspores erminate and give rise to female and male ametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes i these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes f’or variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.
20. (d)
Equisetum is a pteridophyte and in pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. Gametophytes are small or inconspicuous and free living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid called prothallus. Riccia is a liverwort and Polytrichum is a moss. The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. Volvox shows anisogamous fusion i.e., fusion between one large, non motile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete. During unfavourable conditions, the slime mould differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. The spores possess true walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions.
21. (c)
Autotrophic nutrition involves manufacture of organic materials from inorganic raw materials with the help of energy obtained from outside sources. It is of two types – chemosynthesis and photosynthesis. The organisms which are able to manufacture their organic food from inorganic raw materials with the help of energy derived from exergonic chemical reactions are called chemoautotrophs. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Those organisms who can manufacture organic compounds from inorganic raw materials with the help of solar energy in the presence of photosynthetic pigments are called photoautotrophs. For e.g., Nostoc, Chara, Porphyra and Wolffia. Nostoc is a cyanobacterium which contains photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins. Chara is a green alga having chlorophyll a, b, carotenes and xanthophylls. Porphyra is a red alga containing chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins and Wolffia is an aquatic angiosperm which consists of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and xanthophylls.
22. (d)
Pinus is member of gymnosp’erms. In gymnosperms the gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes.
23. (d)
In bryophytes, the dominant phase of life cycle is gametophytic plant body. In contrast, vascular plants have sporophytic plant body in most of their life cycle and reduced, smaller gametophyte which have smaller sex organs.
24. (a)
Marchantia is a dioecious plant. Male plants bear antheridiophores and female plants bear archegoniophores. Antheridiophores consists of a stalk and a disc like portion called receptacle. Older antheridia are at the centre and younger developing antheridia are found at the margins. Archegoniophore like antheridiophore is also a modified vegetative branch. Archegoniophore is composed of a stalk and disc like receptacle at its distal end.
25. (b)
Cycas forms facultative symbiotic asssociation with autotrophic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Cycas provides fix carbon and a stable environment to the cyanobacteria in exchange for fixed nitrogen. These cyanobacteria are endosymbionts and live within the roots of Cycas. In addition to normal roots, Cycas develops specialised symbiotic organs at a young age called precoralloid roots which transform into coralloid roots upon successful colonisation by cyanobacteria.
26. (a)
The given figure is of female thallus of Marchantia (bryophyte) in which a, b, c and d are archegoniophore, female thallus, gemma cup and rhizoids respectively.
27. (d)
Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous pteridophytes. Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams i.e., they are having vascular tissue but not seed, flower and fruit like in angiosperms and gymnosperms. But development of zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophyte represents an important step toward seed habit.
28. (b)
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. The male and female cones or strobili is borne on same tree in (Pinus). In Cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees.
29. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite cell wall containing cellulose and other carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different chemical components are present which vary widely among different groups (e.g., xylan, mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar, pectin, carrageenin, etc.). Cell wall of blue-green algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins). This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic algae.
30. (d)
Sphagnum is a bryophyte in which dominant phase or plant body is independent and free living gametophyte. The sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte. In Pinus (a gymnosperm), mustard and castor (angiosperms), the main plant body is sporophytic. Gametophyte is highly reduced and is completely dependent on sporophyte.
31. (c)
Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Pinus have both the male and female cones or strobili on the same tree.
32. (c)
A – Selaginella
B – Equisetum
C – Salvinia
D – Ginkgo
33. (d)
Pteridophytes are known as vascular cryptogams (Gk kryptos = hidden + gamos= wedded). They reproduce by spores rather than seeds. They are the first vascular land plant. The pteridophyte Equisetum belongs to the class sphenophtya. All vegetative parts of it possess vascular tissues (i.e. hadrome equivalent to xylem & leptome equivalent to phloem) organised in definite groups of steles.
34. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae i.e. belongs to class phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol) and the reserve food material is laminarin.
35. (a)
The differentiation of spores into microspores and megaspores, and their dependence on the parent sporophyte for the nutrition, are certain features in the life cycle of Selaginella. which have been considered as the essential pre-requisties for the formation of seeds, characteristic of spermatophytes. It is generally agreed, that the seed plants arose from the heterosporous vascular plants that instead of discharging the megaspore acquired the habit of retaining it within the megasporangium.
36. (d)
Funaria exhibits gametophytic (n) as well as sporophytic (2n) generation in its life cycle. The gametophytic generation is represented by a short lived protonema which produces spermatozoids in antheridium of male shoot & egg in archegonium of female shoot. Egg and spermatozoids are fused to form zygote. From zygote diploid sporophyte is produced. The capsule of sporophyte produces haploid spores. Then the haploid gametophyte is produced from the haploid spores. So the zygote is the only diploid stage in the life cycle. So the life cycle represents haplontic life cycle.
37. (a)
Pirns is heterosporous, monoecious plant i.e. both male and female cone are present in same plant but on different branches. Pinus produces micro and megaspores in micro & megasporangium respectively.
38. (d)
In gymnosperm except order Gnetales (Gnetum) xylem consist of xylem parenchyma and tracheids with bordered pits but lacks vessels. So, Gnetales are the most advanced among gymnosperms. They lack archegonia in female gametophyte thus showing similarity with angiosperm and act as connecting link between the two.
39. (b)
In gymnosperm (like Cedrus) the male and female gametophyte do not have an independent free living existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes i.e., female gametophyte with megasporangium and male gametophyte within microsporangium. In bryophytes like Polytrichum and Funaria, the main plant body is a gametophyte which is independent and the sporophyte is partially or fully dependent on gametophytic generation. In pteridophytes (Pteris) gametophyte is usually independent and sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle.
40. (d)
The sporophyte of pteridophyte produces meiospores inside sporangia, which may be homosporous (e.g., Equisetum, Adiantum, Dryopteris etc) or heterosporous (e.g., Salvinia, Selaginella etc).
41. (e)
In gymnosperms, pollen chamber represents the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop. The microspore is generally a globular sac like structure having large number of microspores. The microspores are also termed as pollen grains.
42. (d)
An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. In the liverworts, elaters are cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores. They are complete cells, usually with helcial thickenings at maturity that respond to moisture content. In most liverworts, the elaters are unattached, but in some leafy species (such as Frullania) a few elaters will remain attached to the inside of the sporangium (spore capsule). The elaters by hygroscopic movement help in spore dispersal.
43. (c)
Flagellated male gametes are mostly seen lower groups of plants like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes. It is also seen in certain gymnosperms like Cycas. The bryophytes like Riccia have the male gametes which are biflagellate.
44. (d)
Algae are a group of chlorophyllous, nonvascular plants with thallose plant body. Different algae show different pigments present in the cell like chlorophyll – a, b, xanthophylls, carotenes etc. These pigments provide the base for classification of various groups of algae into different classes. Chlorophyceae possess Chlorophyll – a, b pigments, bacillariophyceae contains diatomin pigment, phaeophyceae has fucoxanthin, rhodophyceae has r-phycocyanin andr-phycoerythrin, cyanophyceae has phycobilin pigment.
45. (c)
In prothallus of vascular cryptogams the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. The spores on germination gives rise to prothallus. The antherozoids are biflagellated or multiflagellated. The egg is produced inside the venter, water is essential for fertilization and it is always cross-fertilization. Self fertilization is prevented.
46. (c)
The partially decomposed Sphagnum mass accumulates to form compressed mass called peat, which after drying is used as coal. So it is also called peat moss. Sphagnum has the capacity to retain water for long periods and thus it is used to cover plant roots during transportation.
47. (a)
Conifers belong to gymnosperms. They are seed bearing plants in which the sporophylls are aggregated to form cones and the seeds develop in exposed state over the surface of megasporophylls. Vascular strand consists of tracheids and sieve cells. Female gametophyte forms archegonia, provides nourishment to developing embryo and later gets transformed into food-laden tissue or endosperm inside the seed. This endosperm is formed before fertilization so it is haploid in nature. It provides nourishment for growth of seedlings at the time of seed germination. Grass is an angiospermic plant and endosperm is produced after fertilization.
48. (b)
Mosses like Funaria are bryophytes. They are non-vascular plants. The main plant body is gametophytic (n) which is independent and foliose. It forms major part of the life cycle. The sporophytic phase starts with zygote which divides to form sporogenous tissue that is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. The sporophytic phase is short lived. The foot absorbs nutrients and provides support to the sporophyte.
49. (d)
Until 1907, auxospore formation was regarded as asexual process but now it is considered as an act of sexual process. The auxospores may be autogamous, isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. Their pattern of formation differs in pennate and centric diatoms. Formation of hormogonia is the common method of reproduction in Nostoc which are produced by accidental breaking of trichome into several pieces. It may also be formed by death and decay of ordinary intercalary cells. Soon, the hormogonium escapes from mucilage and grows into a new filament and then into a new colony.
50. (a)
Stele is a column containing vascular tissues which is surrounded by pericycle and separated from ground tissue by endodermis. Siphonostele is medullated protostele or protostele with a central non-vascular pith. Leaf gaps are absent. Siphonostele is of two types : In Ectophloic siphonostele, central pith is surrounded successively by xylem, phloem, pericycle and endodermis. In amphiphloic siphonostele there is a central pith and xylem is surrounded on either side by phloem, pericycle and endodermis. It is found in Osmunda and Equisetum.
51. (a)
Flagellation is the arrangement of flagella over the body surface of a bacterial cell. Peritrichous flagellation has flagella all over the surface of a bacterial cell e.g. E. Coli. Ginkgo belongs to order ginkgoales of gymnosperms. It is called living fossil because it is the single living genus in a big fossilized order. Macrocystis belongs to class phaeophyceae. It is the largest perennial alga, about 40-60 m in size. Wolffia is the smallest flowering plant. Rhizophore is a leafless, colourless, positively geotropic elongated structure that grows down from the point of bifurcation of stem. It occurs in Selaginella.
52. (a)
Cycas is an evergreen palm like plant. It belongs to order cycadales of gymnosperms. The plant body is sporophytic differentiated into root, stem and leaves, sexual reproduction is of oogamous type takes place by the fusion of distinct male and female gametes. The male and female gametes are formed by the germination of microspores and megaspores which are borne on microsporophylls and megasporophylls. These microspores germinate to form male gametophyte that produces male gametes. The male gametes of Cycas are largest (300) in nature, visible to naked eye, oval in form and top shaped. It is spirally coiled in the anterior half with thousands of small cilia. After fertilization the ovule is connected into a seed. In the endosperm of seed lies a well developed embryo having two cotyledons, a plumule and a radicle.
53. (a)
Diversification in plant life appeared due to long periods of evolutionary changes. Algae and bryophytes have thalloid plant body with no differentiation into root, stem and leaves. They had no vascular tissues but later in pteridophytes vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) developed and plant body became differentiated into root, stem and leaves. But the vascular tissues lack vessels and companion cells and they reproduce by spores. In gymnosperms seed habit developed but the seeds are not enclosed inside fruit. In angiosperms vessels and companion cells are present, flowers are present and seeds are enclosed inside fruits. Thus the path of evolution is from algae to bryophytes to pteridophytes to gymnosperms and finally to angiosperm.
54. (a)
Angiosperms are highly evolved and well adapted land plants. They have both vessels and tracheids in xylem for better conduction of water. Roots are modified into tap roots, adventitious roots, pneumatophores etc. to suit the desired climate. Sex organs are highly developed, sporophylls are organized into flowers and the flowers are highly coloured or modified to attract pollinators at different times and places insect pollination is more prevalent because it is more efficient and leads to less wastage of pollen grains as compared to wind pollination. So the flowers are made attractive to attract a variety of insects. Seed are more protected as they are enclosed inside a fruit. All these adaptations have made angiosperms more adaptive in diverse habitats.
55. (a)
Seed producing plants belong to spermatophyta. It includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seed habit or seed formation originated in gymnosperms. It requires the retention of mega sporangium or the only on the parent plant and non-shedding of megaspore, development of integument and in site formation of female gametophyte. All these features developed in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thallophytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes lack these features and thus do not reproduce by producing seeds. Fern and Funaria belong to pteridophytes and bryophytes respectively so they do not reproduce by ; producing seeds.
56. (d)
Spirogyra is a fresh water green alga which belongs to class chlorophyceae. The sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is called conjugation. It involves the fusion of two morphologically identical but physiologically dissimilar non-ciliated gametes. For development of gametes, some of the cells start to act like male and female gametangia in which the cell contents become separated from the cell wall, shrink and ultimately forms gametes. The fusion of these gametes takes place by scalariform conjugation or lateral conjugation.
57. (a)
Eichler divided plant kingdom into two sub kingdoms – cryptogamae and phanerogamae. All plants without flowers and seeds are included in the sub¬kingdom cryptogamae whereas phanerogamae includes i plants which bear flowers and seeds. Cryptogams are further classified into three divisions. Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. Spore bearing plants such as mosses and ferns belong to cryptogams because instead of reproducing by flowers and seeds they reproduce by means of spores.
58. (d)
Spermatophyta includes seed bearing plants and this includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Acacia and sugarcane both are angiosperms. Pin us and Cycas both are gymnosperms. Rhizopus belongs to kingdom fungi and Tritcum is an angiosperm. Ginkgo is gymnosperm and Pisum is an angiosperm. So Ginkgo and Pisum correctly represent the grouping spermatophyta.
59. (b)
In angiospemrs presence of vessels is not an universal feature as there are certain angiosperms where vessels are absent e.g. Wintera, Trochodendron etc. Secondary growth is increase in the girth or diameter of axis (root and stem) of the plant by formation of secondary tissue by the activity of lateral meristem. It occurs in dicotyledons of angiosperms and gymnosperms. But in monocotyledons of angiosperms the primary plant body is complete in itself and doesn’t produce any secondary tissue. Autotrophic plants are those which synthesise their organic food themselves by the process of photosynthesis. But certain angiospermic plants have heterotrophic mode of nutrition, e.g. Rafflesia, Orobanche, Striga are root parasites. But double fertilization is universal in all angiosperms. It involves fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell and another male gamete with the diploid secondary nuclei.
60. (d)
Pinus belong to order coniferales of Gymnosperms. The plant is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Plants are monoecious. Both male and female cones are borne on the same plant. It develops clusters of shortly stalked male cones subterminally on the lower branches and female cones in circle of 2 – 6 on upper long branches. A male cone has a central axis and a number of spirally arranged microsporophylls. A microsporophyll bears two oblong microsporangia abaxially on the proximal part. The terminal flattened part is bent and sterile. A microsporangium produces a large number of yellow pollen grains. Each pollen grain has two wings or air sacs for floating in the air. The central axis of female cone bears paired scales. In each pair the lower scale is bract scale while the upper one is ovuliferous scale (= megasporophyll complex), the terminal sterile part of ovuliferous scale is broad and called apophysis. The proximal adaxial side bears two ovules.
61. (a)
Cycas belongs to order cycadales of gymnosperms because it has naked seed. It is not enclosed inside a fruit. It does not have double fertilization and so the endosperm formed is haploid in nature and not triploid. So it is not included in angiosperms as they have ovules (or seeds) produced inside fruit. This is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
62. (b)
The algal class rhodophyceae contains a red pigment (r-phycocrythrin) and a blue pigment (r-phycocynin) in the chromatphores. These pigments can utilize those wavelengths of light (blue-green region of spectrum, i.e., 480-520 nm) that are not absorbed by chlorophyll. This enables red algae to grow at greater depths than other plants (upto 300 ft. below water). In addition to these, chi.-a, chl.- d, carotenes and xanthophylls are present. In phaeophyceae chromatophores are yellowish brown in colour possessing xanthophylls in abundance. Bacillariophyceae are called ‘diatoms’ due to presence of an accessory brown pigment called ‘diatomin’, other pigments are chi.-a, chl.-c (but not chi.-6), carotenes and xanthophylls. In chlorophyceae colouring pigments are just like higher plants, i.e., Chi.-a, Chl.-h, xanthophylls and carotenes.
63. (a)
A fem plant body is sporophytic (2n) and is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves. On the ventral surface of leaves sporangia are borne in a group called sori. Inside the sporangium are present the spores which are formed by reduction duvsion. Thus the spores produced are haploid in nature and germinate to produce a prothallus that represents the gametophytic generation. Antheridium and archegonium are borne on this prothallus. Thus meiosis takes place at the stage of spore formation.
64. (a)
Gymnosperms are the most primitive seed plants. The plants are generally perennial, woody trees or shrubs. In general, tallest trees are in gymnosperms e. g.. Sequoia sempervirens is 366 ft. in height. The male gametes of Cycas are largest (300 p) in size, they are visible to naked eye and are oval in form and top¬shaped. The ovule of Cycas is also largest in the plant kingdom.
65. (d)
Androcytes or antherozoid mother cell of Funaria metamorphoses into a single biflagellate spermatozoid (antherozoids). It is a spirally coiled biflagellate (biciliated) structure.
66. (b)
In bryophytes the main plant body is gametophytic which is independent and may be thallose (no differentiation in root, stem and leaves) e.g., Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros etc. or foliose (having leafy axis) e.g. Sphagnum, Funaria etc. The gametophyte bears the sex organs antheridium and archegonium. Sexual reproduction is of oogamous type. It forms zygote that gives rise to the sporophytic phase. It is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. The capsule produces spores after meiosis that again gives rise to gametophytic phase. The sporophyte is partially or full dependent upon the gametophyte and is of shorter duration.
67. (a)
Algae, bryophyte and pteridophyte are cryptogams, but out of them algae, and bryophytes are lower cryptogams and do not possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), whereas in pteridophytes, vascular tissue system is well developed and so these are higher cryptogams or vascular cryptogams. The term cryptogams means that these plants reproduce by means of spores and do not produce seeds. The vascular tissue of pteridophytes is well developed. They contain both xylem and phloem. In xylem, vessels are absent and in phloem companion cells are absent. So pteridophytes or vascular cryptogams are a group of seedless vascular plants, that have successfully invaded the land and reproduce by means of spores. Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants called phanerogams.
68. (d)
Bryophytes are green photosynthetic and thalloid structures where the plant body root, stem and leaves. Instead of roots, rhizoids are present for attachment and absorption purpose. They have motile sperms and so they need water for fertilization. Archegonia evolved for the first time in bryophytes in the plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped structure with swollen base called venter and upper elongated neck. The venter contains a venter canal cell and an egg cell. It is surrounded by one celled thick sterile jacket layer.
69. (a)
Dichotomous branching is characteristic feature of liverworts e.g. Riccia, Marchantia, Pellia etc. It is a primitive form of branching. It is also called forked branching. In liverworts the thallus is flat and dorsiventral and dichotomously branched. The thallus has a notch at the anterior end. At the base of the notch, there is a growing point consisting of a single apical cell. It divides repeatedly to form two branches of the same size.
70. (b)
Cycas belongs to order cycadales of gymnosperms. Its leaves show circinate vernation i.e. the leaves are coiled in young stage. The coralloid roots in Cycas arise from the lateral branches of the normal roots and contain blue-green algae like Nostoc and Anabaena. A well developed flower like that of angiosperms is absent in Cycas. It has compact cones containing microsp-orophylls and megasporophylls. The megaspores are loosely arranged on the megasporophyll. The male cone is a compac structure, Vessels in xylem are absent and it contains only tracheids for conduction of water.
71. (b)
The male gametes of Cycas are largest (300 μ) in nature, visible to naked eye and are oval in form, broad (top-shaped) and naked at posterior end and spirally coiled in the anterior half with thousands of small cilia.
72. (c)
Ulothrix is a green filamentous alga, belonging to class chlorophyceae. The plant body is an unbranched filament consisting of numerous cylindrical cells joined end and end. Under favourable conditions, each cell produces zoospores except holdfast. These zoospores are of two types – Macrozoospores and microzoospores. The macrozoospores are larger in size and are quadriflagellate and the microzoospores are smaller i zoospores which may be biflagellate or quadrifagelleate. Under unfavourable conditions, nonmotile mitospores called aplanospores are produced. Sexual reproduction in Ulothrix is of isogamous type. The isogametes fuse to form a quadriflagellate zygospore which after meiosis forms 16 aplanospores or zoospores.
73. (b)
Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom because they complete their vegetative phase on land but water is necessary for their reproductive phase. Water helps in maturation and dehiscence of sex organs in bryophytes. It also helps in the transfer of sperms to the archegonium that make water essential for completion of life cycle of bryophytes.
74. (a)
Walking fern is named so because when its leaf tips come in contact with soil, form new plants as adventitious buds develop at leaf tips. This helps in the spread of fern over a large soil surface and thus the name ‘walking fern’.
75. (d)
Transfusion tissue is a specialized tissue ; present on either side of midrib in between the palisade and spongy tissues of the leaf of Cycas and also in Pinus leaf at the sides of the sclerenchymtous region. It is made of horizontally arranged tracheids. These supply water and minerals to mesophyll tissue upto margins so that the mesophyll cells can carry out photosynthesis. It is of two types primary transfusion tissue present next to the midrib bundle and secondary transfusion tissue that runs upto margins of the leaf. In Pinus it consists of tracheids and albuminous cells.
76. (b)
Heterospory means production of two different sizes of spores-megaspore and microspore. All bryophytes are homosporous. Heterospory originated in some pteridophytes like Selaginella. It is commonly called clubmoss or spike moss. Its leaves contain a flap-like outgrowth at the base on the adaxial side called ligule. The leaves are of two types – megasporophyll bearing megasporangia and microsporophylls bearing microsporangia. The megasporangia contains four large megaspores and the microsporangia contains large number of small microspores. Thus Selaginella is heterosporous. In some species of Selaginella the embryo remains attached to the sporophyte for a long time and it is the habit towards seed habit.
77. (a)
Chlorella is a unicellular green alga that contains high percentage of proteins, lipids and most of the known vitamins (carotene, riboflavin, vitamin Bi2, choline etc) and grows more quickly than Porphyra, so scientists are doing research to obtain food from it. The nutritional value is comparable to the mixture of soybeans and spinach.
78. (c)
Ulothrix belongs to class chlorophyceae of division Thallophyta. The plant body consists of an unbranched filament, consisting of numerous cylindrical cells joined end to end. It is heterothallic and sexual reproduction is of isogamous type. Except holdfast each cell of the filament can give rise to 64 to 128 gametes. The gametes are similar in size, shape and other features. So these gametes are called isogametes. When two- gametes of (+) and (-) strain come together they fuse and a quadriflagellate zygospore is formed. Anisogametes are morphologically and physiologically distinct gametes produced in Chlamydomonas braunii and Pandorina. Basidiospores are the haploid spores produced by a basidium in basidiomycetes fungi.
79. (a)
Bryophytes and algae are both autotrophic, plant body thallus like and devoid of vascular tissues. Instead of roots, rhizoids are present for attachment and absorption purpose. Both algae and bryophytes have motile sperms and need water for fertilization. But bryophytes can be separated from algae because archegonium originated for the first time in bryophytes in plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped structure with swollen base called venter and upper elongated neck. The venter contains a venter canal cell and an egg cell. It is surrounded by one celled thick sterile jacket layer. In algae sex organs are non-jacketed and unicellular.
80. (a)
The division Bryophyta includes three classes Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida. The members of Hepaticopsida and Anthocerotopsida have a thallose plant body which is dorsiventrally differentiated and dichotomously branched. On the ventral surface unicellular or multicellular rhizoids are present. The member of Bryopsida have a main plant body that has a leafy gametophore made up of an axis having spirally arranged leaves. The rhizoids are multicellular and branched e.g. Sphagnum, Funaria, Riccia, Anthoceros. So only few member of bryophytes have leafy gametophytes. Gymnosperms have well developed plant body having root stem and leaves. They do not have rhizoids.
81. (a)
Brown algae are the members of the class phaeophyceae. Their chromatopores are ellipsoidal or discoid. They contain chlorophyll a, chi c, β- and c- carotenes and xanthophyll pigments (e.g., lutein, flavoxanthin, violaxanthin). They also contain large amount of a brown pigment – fucoxanthin which masks ; the green colour of chlorophyll pigment. This gives characteristic brown colour to these plants, hence the name brown algae. The non-motile resting spores of Chlamydtomonas contain a red pigment called hematochrome. phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are water soluble pigments found in red and blue-green algae.
82. (d)
Gymnosperms originated about 200 million years ago and were dominant species at that time. However most of the members have become extinct now and only few living forms are known today. There are around 900 living species of this group.
83. (d)
Bryophytes are land inhabiting or terrestrial plants. They complete their vegetative phase on land but water is necessary for their reproductive phase i.e. for completion of life cycle. So bryophytes are i known as amphibians of plant kingdom. Thallophytes have a plant body that is not clearly differentiated into root, stem and leaves. They do not have vascular tissues and so are always aquatic. Pteridophytes are most primitive vascular plants. They have developed vascular tissues and so they were the first vascular plants on land. Tracheophyte includes all vascular plants – pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
84. (b)
Marchantia is a liverwort in which the sex organs are borne on disc shaped 8-lobed receptacles borne at the tip of vertical gametophores. Sperms are attracted to opened archegonia by proteins and K+ salts. Fertilization produces a parasitic sporophyte made of foot, seta and capsule. The capsule encloses sporocytes and elaters. These elaters show twisting movements due to spiral bands of thickenings and this leads to liberation and dispersal of spores. In Riccia elaters are absent and in Funaria peristome teeth help in spore dispersal.
85. (b)
Gymnosperms show distinct alternation of generations. The sporophytic phase is dominant. The sporphyte is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. So the number of chromosomes in a leaf cell is diploid (2n), (2n = 16). Double fertilization is absent in gymnosperms. The endosperm develops before fertilization directly from the megaspore. So the number of chromosomes in endosperm will be 8(n = 8).
86. (a)
Pyrenoids are found in many bryophytes and algae. They are small, spherical bodies found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. They are rich in proteins and are surrounded by a starch sheath.
87. (b)
Funaria is known as common moss or green moss. The plant body is foliose that consists of stem axis which bears many leaves and instead of roots, rhizoids are present. It is gametophytic (n) and independent. It bears antheridia and archegonia on the same plant but on different branches. After fertilization the zygote (2n) divides*.to form the sporophyte which consists of foot, seta and capsule. The basal foot is embedded in the apex of female branch. It absorbs nutrients and provides support for the sporophyte. Inside the capsule haploid spores are produced as a result of meiosis. Thus again the gametophytic phase starts. So the gametophytic phase is the dominant phase of the life cycle of Funaria.
88. (b)
Nostoc belongs to cyanophyceae. In this entire class sexual reproduction is completely absent. It reproduces by colony formation, hormogonia, akinetes, heterocysts and endospres. However genetic recombination has been observed. It may be probably through transformation or conjugation. The other three algae- Spiro gym, Ulothrix and Volvox belong to chlorophyceae. The members of this class show isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous type of sexual reproduction.
89. (d)
Bryophytes and pteridophytes both have alternation of generation. The gametophytic phase is dominant in bryophytes whereas in pteridophytes it is short lived. Sex organs are embedded is some members of bryophytes and pteridophytes. Sperms are flagellate and so water is required for fertilization. Sterile jacket is present around the sex organs for protection. Archegonium appeared for the first time in bryophytes in plant kingdom. It is a flask shaped structure. It has swollen basal portion called venter and upper elongated neck. The venter has egg cell and venter canal cell. There are 4-6 vertical rows of neck cells enclosing neck canal cells in bryophytes. The archegonia have short neck made of four rows of vertically elongated cells that encloses four neck canal cells in pteridophytes.
90. (c)
Some algae withstand or tolerate a very high temperature and these are often called thermal algae. Such forms are known to grow upto 85°C, nearly boiling water. Their cell wall is hard and protective. A typical cell wall of algae consists of two nonliving layers. The inner layer is firm consisting of microfibrils and outer layer is gelatinous and amorphous. Various polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, mucilage constitute the typical cell wall. The mucilage covering of the cell is thick and dense and is called the sheath. This sheath holds the cells in colonies together, is having water absorbing and water retaining capacity. It thus protects them under dessicating conditions. Thus they are able to survive under high temperature.
91. (d)
The class chlorophyceae is characterised by the members possessing grass-green chromatophores. The other distinguishing features of the class are the presence of starch-as reserve food material, pyrenoids – commonly surrounded by starch sheaths, motile cells bearing anterior flagella of equal length, etc. In chlorophyceae, three types of sexual reproduction takes place namely isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.
Isogamous type : Here the fusing gametes are morphologically similar but physiologically distinct e.g., Chlamydomonas debaryanum and Ulothrix.
Anisogamous type : Fusion takes place between morphologically and physiologically distinct gametes (anisogametes). Chlamydomonas braunii and Pandorina.
Oogamous type : Most advanced type in which fusion of small biciliate or multiciliate, active male gamete with large, passive female gamete, Oedogonium, Chlamydomonas coccifera.
92. (a)
Mature ovule with embryo constitutes seed. The seed is covered with hard seed coat. The outer layer of the seed coat is testa (from middle stony layer). Testa encloses a brown, thin membranous tegmen (from inner fleshy layer). The tegmen surrounds fleshy endosperm. Inside endosperm is present the embryo. At maturity of seed, a thin layer of ovuliferous scale fuses with testa to form a wing (i.e., seeds are winged) which helps in the dispersal of seed.
93. (d)
In bryophytes the main plant body is gametophytic which is independent and may be thallose (no differentiation in root, stem and leaves) e.g., Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros etc. or foliose (having leafy axis) e.g. Sphagnum, Funaria etc. The gametophyte bears the sex organs antheridium and archegonium. Sexual reproduction is of oogamous type. It forms zygote that gives rise to the sporophytic phase. It is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. The capsule produces spores after meiosis that again gives rise to gametophytic phase. The sporophyte is partially or full dependent upon the gametophyte and is of shorter duration.
94. (d)
Pinus is more advanced from the evolutionary point of view. It is a gymnosperms (of phanerogams) having well developed vascular conducting system and bears seeds. While others Selaginella, Funaria and Chlamydomonas do not bear seeds.
95. (c)
Pinus is a gymnospermic plant which has a well developed conducting tissue system but seeds are naked. Whereas mango is an angiospermic plant in which seed are enclosed in the ovary and fruit is present.
96. (d)
Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of starch. There are present in chloroplast and are proteinaceous in nature covered by starch plate. They synthesizes and store starch in them.
97. (a)
Pteridophytes differs from bryophytes and thallophytes in having well developed vascular tissue system. Vascular tissues plays an important role in conducting water and food materials to the plants. Whereas these are absent in bryophytes and thallophytes.
98. (b)
Chloroplast in Chlamydomonas is cup-shaped. It is one ceLled structure. Whereas stellate, spiral and collar shaped chloroplasts are present in Zygnema, Spirogyra and Ulothrix respectively.
99. (c)
In Ulothrix!Spirogyra reduction division (meiosis) occurs at the time of zygospore formation. Plant body of Ulothrix and Spirogyra, is gametophytic (haploid), they produce zoogametes (n) which fuses to form zygosporic (2n) diploid, which is a resting spore. Onset of favourable condition zygospore undergoes reductional division, or meiosis to produce zoo- meiospores.
100. (b)
Algae, bryophyte and pteridophyte are cryptogams, but out of them algae, and bryophytes are lower cryptogams and do not possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), whereas in pteridophytes, vascular tissue system is well developed and so these are higher cryptogams or vascular cryptogams. The term cryptogams means that these plants reproduce by means of spores and do not produce seeds. The vascular tissue of pteridophytes is well developed. They contain both xylem and phloem. In xylem, vessels are absent and in phloem companion cells are absent. So pteridophytes or vascular cryptogams are a group of seedless vascular plants, that have successfully invaded the land and reproduce by means of spores. Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants called phanerogams.
101. (b)
Protonema occurs in the life cycle of Funaria. The spore is the first cell of gametophytic generation and it germinates to form a filamentous branched alga like structure called protonema. If gives rise to new plant.
102. (b)
Resins and turpentine are obtained from Pinus which is gymnospermic plant. Cycas is an ornamental plant. Paper and Canada balsam are obtained from Abies and timber is obtained from Cedrus deodara.
103. (c)
Resins and turpentine are obtained from Pinus which is gymnospermic plant. Cycas is an ornamental plant. Paper and Canada balsam are obtained from Abies and timber is obtained from Cedrus deodara.
104. (c)
In Pinus, if the pollen grain has 6 chromosomes then in its endosperm will also have 6 chromosomes as endosperm and pollen grains are both haploid structures.
105. (d)
A plant having seed but lacking flowers and fruit belongs to gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are vascular land plants and bears seeds which are naked i.e., ovules not enclosed in the ovary. Hence, flowers are absent.
106. (d)
Root is not common between Funaria and Selaginella. Funaria is a bryophyte and have archegonium, embryo, flagellated sperms which are also present in Selaginella. Selaginella is a pteridophyte and it has root which is absent in Funaria.
107. (c)
Bryophytes are the plants which produces spores and embryos but they do not have vascular I tissue system. While rhodophytes and phaeophytes are algae and produces spores (no embryos) only and pteridophytes produces spores, embryo and well developed vascular tissue system.
108. (c)
A plant in which sporophytic generation is represented by zygote is Chlamydomonas. It is a type of algae that has gametophytic plant body (haploid).
It reproduce sexually by gametes which are isogametes that fuses to produce diploid zygote which is the only sporophytic generation.
109. (a)
Bryophytes are land inhabiting or terrestrial plants. They complete their vegetative phase on land but water is necessary for their reproductive phase i.e. for completion of life cycle. So bryophytes are i known as amphibians of plant kingdom. Thallophytes have a plant body that is not clearly differentiated into root, stem and leaves. They do not have vascular tissues and so are always aquatic. Pteridophytes are most primitive vascular plants. They have developed vascular tissues and so they were the first vascular plants on land. Tracheophyte includes all vascular plants – pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
110. (d)
Moss has the largest gametophyte. Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1-10 cm tall, some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stem.
111. (a)
In Chlamysomonas sexual reproduction takes place through isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy. Isogamy is the fusion of similar gametes. Anisogamy is fusion of morphologically similar but physiologically different cells. Oogamy is fusion of different gametes.
112. (a)
The product of conjugation in Spirogyra or fertilization of Chlamydomonas is zygospore. Both are the members of green algae where gametes are fused to form zygote which develops into a thick walled zygospore.
113. (a)
Moss peristome is present in capsule and takes part in spore dispersal. The hygroscopic action of peristomial teeth help in the removal of operculum. The lengthening and shortening of peristomial teeth help in the dispersal of spores. The inner peristome acts as a sieve allowing only a few spores to escape at a time.
114. (a)
Apophysis is basal portion of capsule in continuation with seta. The outer layer of apophysis is epidermis which has stomata for gaseous exchange. In capsule of Funaria stomata are present only in apophysis.
115. (b)
In Pimw/gymnosperms, endosperm is produced before fertilization and hence it is haploid. Megaspore and pollen grains are structures of male gametophytes and it is also haploid.
116. (d)
Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris were released together near the archegonia. But only the sperms of Pteris enter the archegonia, as Pteris archegonia releases a chemical malic acid to attract its sperms for fertilization.
117. (a)
Evolut ionary important character of Selaginella is heterosporous nature. Selaginella produces two types of spores microspores and megaspores. Heterospory in the life cycle of Selaginella leads to the formation of seed habit.
118. (b)
In Pinus Cycasi gymnosperms the endospenn is haploid because it is produced before fertilization.
119. (b)
Prothallus (gametophyte) gives rise to fem plant (sporophyte) without fertilization. This phenomenon is called apogamy. Development of sporophyte from gametophyte without forming gamete is apogamy. Such sporophyte is haploid in nature.
120. (d)
Isogamy involves the fusion of gametes which I are morphologically and physiologically similar. They are called isogametes. In Chlamydomonas, two vegetative cells may fuse to form a zygospore and the phenomenon is called as hologamy. As a result of fusion of two gametes, zygospore is formed.
Leave a Reply