Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Coding Decoding

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Coding Decoding

Concepts

A code is a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message in secret form. Coding and Decoding test is to examine the student’s ability to identify the rule interpreted and decode the given message.

Approach to solve the questions:
1. You will be given two messages, one is original message and another one is coded message.
2. You have to compare each element of the original message with corresponding element of coded message. There after try to identify the rule in which coded message is formed.
3. Using the identified rule you can easily answer the question asked.

Types of Coding-Decoding:
(I) Letter Coding: In this type of coding, the original alphabets of the given word are replaced by certain other alphabets based on specific rule to form its code. You have to detect the hidden rule and answer the questions accordingly.
Examples:(1) In a certain code language,’COLLEGE’ is written as ‘GSPPIKI’ then how will ‘GROUPS’ be written in that code?
Explanation: Each letter of the word is moved four steps forward to obtain the code. So, GROUPS will be coded as KVSYTW.

2) ‘ZYXW’ as coded as ‘ABCD’ then STUV’ is coded as.
Explanation: Here each letter is coded with its opposite letter, i.e. Z – A, Y – B, X – C, W – D.
Similarly, S – H, T – G, U – F, V – E.

3) ‘bcd’ is coded as ‘def then ‘true’ is coded as.
Explanation: Here every letter is moved two steps forward, i.e. b (+2) →d, c (+2)→ e, d (+2) →f.
Similarly,t→v,r→t,u→w,e→g.
So, the answer is ‘vtwg .

4)’Hyderabad’ is coded as ‘ixedszcze’ then ‘chennai’ is coded as?
Explanation:Here the letters are alternatively increasing and decreasing by 1.

So, chennai will be coded as dgfmozj.

(II) Number Coding: in this type of coding, alphabets are assigned to the numbers or numerical code values are assigned to a word or alphabets. You have to compare the given codes to answer the questions.
Example:1) If READ is coded as 7421 and BOOK is coded as 8335, then how would you encode BOARD?
Explanation: The alphabets are coded as follows.
R E A D       B O O K
7  4  2  1       8  3 3  5
From the above codes, we can say, B is coded as 8, O is coded as 3, A is coded as 2, R is coded as 7, D is coded as 1. Hence, BOARD is coded as 83271.

(III) Substitution: In this type, the names of objects are substituted with different names. We should carefully trace the substitution to answer the questions.
Example:1) In a certain code language, ‘book’ is coded as ‘pencil’, ‘pencil’ is coded as ‘mirror’, ‘mirror’ is coded as ‘board’. Then what is useful to write on a paper?
Explanation: We use pencil to write on a paper but here pencil is coded as mirror. So, the answer is mirror.

2) In a certain language, ‘man’ is called as ‘woman’, ‘woman’ is called as ‘girl’, ‘girl’ is called as ‘boy’, ‘boy’ is called as ‘worker’. Then in the same language what does a 6 year old female is called?
Explanation: In general language, 6 years old female is called as girl. But in the given coded language ‘girl’ is called as ‘boy’. So, the answer is ‘boy’.

(IV) Mixed Letter/ Number Coding: In this type, few sentences are given in a code language. Based on that you are asked to find the code for a particular given word(s). To answer such questions, you have to compare the two messages and deduce the common words and its corresponding codes. Analyze the entire message until the code for the given word is found.
Example: 1) In a certain code language ‘pqost ygx mnlia’ is coded as ’manager is there’; ’xyrs kixt ygx’ is coded as ’clerk is here’; ‘ygx srtv pqost’ is coded as ‘manager is genius’. Then what is the corresponding code for ‘there’.
Explanation:
pqost  ygx  mnlia → manager is there —-(1)
xyrs  kixt  ygx → clerk is here —-(2)
ygx  srtv  pqost→ manager is genius— (3)
From (1) and (2), common word is ’is’ and common code is ‘ygx’. i.e. ‘is’ → ‘ygx.
Similarly, from (1) and (3), manager is coded as pqost. Substitute the codes of ’manager’ and ’is’ in (1), we get, ’there’ is coded as ‘mnlia’. Hence, mnlia is the answer.

2)In a certain code language, ‘2 4 7’ means ‘spread red carpet’; ’2 3 6’ means ‘dust one carpet’ and ‘2 3 4’ means ‘one red carpet’. Then what is the code for the word ‘spread’?
Explanation: 2 4 7→ spread red carpet —(1)
2 3 6 → dust one carpet— (2)
2 3 4→ one red carpet —(3)
Comparing (1) and (3), we get, ‘red carpet’ means 2 4. Hence, ‘spread’ means 7.

Conceptual Examples

1) In a certain code, CONCEPT is written as TQFDOPC. Then how VICTORY is written in the same code?
a) YROTCIV b) RYOTCIV c) IVCTORY
d) YSPUDJV e) VSPUDJY
Explanation: In the given code, the letters of the word CONCEPT are reversed. After reversing except first and last letters, remaining all letters are moved one step forward to obtain the code. In the similar manner, VICTORY is coded as YSPUDJV.

2) If in a code language, JUMP is written as ITLO and COPIER is written as BNOHDQ, then how will CAMPUS be written is that code?
a) SUPMAC b) ACPMSU c) BZLOTR
d) DBNQVT e) BLORTZ
Explanation: Each letter in the word is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding code. In the same way, CAMPUS is coded as BZLOTR.

3) In a certain code, DANGER is written as BCLICT. In the same code, ORACLE will be written as?
a) MTYEJG b) MPYEJG c) MTXCJG
d) GJEYTM e) none of these
Explanation: The letters at odd position are moved two steps backward and those at even position are moved two steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code. Hence, option-a is correct choice.

4) In a certain code language, SUCCESS is written as 6344866 and NATIVE is written as 279508, then what will be the code for SENSITIVE ?
a) 681659508 b) 632659503 c) 683659508
d)648659504 e)682659508
Explanation: The alphabets are coded as shown below.

From the above codes, we can write SENSITIVE as 682659508, which is option-e.

5) In a certain code language, 26891 is written as EGKPT, and 3457 is written as RUAL. Then how 58946 is written in that code?
a) AKPUG b) GUPKA c) AKUPG
d) AKPGU e) none of these
Explanation: Numbers are coded as shown below.

.’. 58946 is coded as AKPUG; Option-a is correct choice.

6) In a certain code language blue is called green, green is called yellow, yellow is called white, white is called red, red is called purple, purple is called orange. Then what is the color of milk ? ”
a) White b) Red c) Green d) Orange e) Purple
Explanation: Actually the color of milk is white. But in the given language, white is called red. So, answer is ‘red’.

7) In a certain code language, all the two wheeler vehicles are called buses, all the buses are called books, all the books are called trees, all the trees are called pens. Then what we use to read?
a) Books b) Pens c) Trees d) Buses e) none of these
Explanation: We use books to read but in the given language books are called trees. So, the answer is trees.

8) In a certain language, ‘si po re’ means ’he is good’, ’ti na re’ means ‘she is bad’/ka si’ means ‘he can’and’de ti’ means ‘she play’. Then what should stand for ‘play is can’ in the same language?
a) ka de re b) ti po ka c) ka re na d) de si re e) Cannot be determined
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2, we can say, common word is ‘is’ and the common code is ‘re’. So, the code for ‘is’ is ‘re .
From statement-1 and 3, common word is ‘he’ and common code is ‘is’. Then ‘ka’ means ‘can’.
From statement-2 and 4, common word is ‘she’ and common code is ‘ti’. So, code for ‘play’ is ‘de’.
:. ‘play is can’ is coded as ‘de re ka’ which is option-a.

9) In a certain code language, ‘col tip mot’ means ‘dancing is appreciable’, ‘mot baj min’ means ‘singing is good’ and ‘tip nop baj’ means ‘singing and dancing’. Then what does ‘good’ mean in the same language?
a) min b) mot c) baj d) tip e) nop
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2, we can say ‘is’ is coded as ’mot’. From statement-2 and 3, we can say ‘singing’ is coded as ‘baj’. By substituting above two in statement-2 we get the code for ‘good’ as ‘min’. Hence, option-a is the correct choice.

10) In a certain code language, 7 8 6’ means ‘study very hard’, ‘9 5 8’ means ‘hard work pays’ and ‘6 4 5’ means ‘study and work’. Then what is the code for ‘very’?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 7 d) Can’t be determined e) None
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2: 8 →’hard’.
From statement-1 and 3: 6 → ‘study’.
Thus, from statement-1: 7 → ‘very’.
Hence, option-c is the correct choice.

11) MANAGER is coded as ‘klyzlmyzefcdpij’, then TYPIST is coded as?
a) rsxyxohgqrrs b) rswxnoghqrrs c) stxyxohgqrrs
d) stwxuogwqrr e) rswxxohgqrrs
Explanation: The word MANAGER has 7 letters, where as the code has 14 letters. It means each letter in MANAGER is coded with 2 letters.
M is coded as kl; A is coded as yz ; N is coded as Im.
It means one capital letter is coded with two previous small letters. Similarly, TYPIST is coded as follows. TYPIST

12) ORANGE is coded as ‘LOXKDB’ then GRAPES is coded as?
a) DOYMBP b) DOXNBP c) DOXMBP
d) DPXMBP e) DOXMBQ
Explanation:

In the same way, GRAPES coded as ‘DOXMBP’.

13) MONEY is coded as ‘Innpmodjxz’ then RUPEE is , coded as ?
a) qstvoqdfdf b) qsvtoqdtdf c) qstvqodfdf
d) qstvoqtdfd e) qstvoqtddf
Explanation: Here, M is the middle letter of l and n. O is middle letter of n and p. Like wise all other letters. MONEY

Similarly, ‘RUPEE’ is coded as ‘qs tv oq dfdf.

14) ‘NIGRE’ is coded as ‘ADOQC’ then ‘ENGINEER’ is I coded as?
a) CAODCACQ b) CADOACCQ c) CAODACQC
d) CODACACQ e) CAODACCQ
Explanation: Given that, N is coded as A, I is coded as D, G is coded as O, R is coded as Q and E is coded as C. From the above data, ‘ENGINEER’ can be coded as ‘CAODACCQ’.

15) ‘LEAVE HIM’ is coded as ‘JCYTC FGK’. Then ‘CATCH URGENTLY’ is coded as?
a) AXRYG SPECLRJW b) AYRAF SPECLRJW
c) AXRYF SPECMRJW d) AYRAF SRDCLPJW
e) AYRAG SPDCLRJW,
Explanation.:

Every letter is coded with its 2nd previous letter. Similarly, CATCH URGENTLY is coded as,

CATCH URGENTLY is coded as ‘AYRAF SPECLRJW’.

Exercise

1)In a certain code language ‘SURVEY’ is coded as ‘TWUZJE’ and ‘APPLY’ is coded as ‘BRSPD’. Then how does ‘WISDOM’ be coded in that language?
a) XKTHTS b) XKVHTS c) YLISUV
d) YLISVU e) Cannot be determined

2) In a certain code language, CAT=8, POST=17, then what will be code for INDIA?
a) 25 b) 7 c) 5 d) Cannot be determined e) None

3) In a certain code language, ‘MOTIVATION’ is written as ‘VITOMNOITA’ and ‘DECODING’ is written as ’OCEDGNID’. Then how ‘FACEBOOK’ will be written in that language?
a) KOOBFACE b) KOOBECAF c) ECAFKOOB
d) ECAFBOOK e) Cannot be determined

4) In a certain code language, ‘lily’ is called ‘rose’, ‘rose’ is called ‘gladiola’, ‘gladiola’ is called ‘lotus’ and ‘lotus’ is called ‘poppy’ and ‘poppy’ is called ’sunflower’. Then which is the king of flowers?
a) sunflower b) poppy c) rose
d) gladiola e) none of these

5) In a certain code language, all the animals which can live in water are called snakes and those which fly in sky are called swimmers and those which can walk are called hunters and those animals who crawl are called flying. Then what will a tortoise be called?
a) swimmers b) snakes c) hunters
d) flying e) none of these

6) In a certain code language, ‘kings’ are ‘queens’, ‘queens’ are ‘aces’, ‘aces’ are ‘jacks’, ‘jacks’ are ‘spades’, ’spades’ are ’diamonds’, ‘diamonds’ are called ‘kings’. Then who is the lady supreme in the kingdom?
a) aces b) diamonds c) kings d) queens e) jacks

7) In a certain code language, ‘CHILD’ is coded as ’32546′, ‘MODEL’ is coded as 17684′, then ‘OLEIC’ is coded as?
a) 74213 b) 45321 c) 77853 d) 74853 e) 35847

8) If in a certain code language, ‘186’ is coded as I love India’, ‘983’ is coded as ‘India has culture’, ‘346’ is coded as ‘we love culture’. Then the code for ’we’ and “I” is.
a) 9,1 b) 4, 8 c) 9, 8 d) 4,1 e) 1, 4

9) In a certain code language, ‘423’ is coded as ’Hyderabad is beautiful’, ‘735’ is coded as ‘Beautiful flower pleasant’, ‘524’ is coded as ‘Hyderabad is pleasant’. Then the code for ’beautiful’ and ’pleasant’ are?
a) 5, 3 b) 3, 5 c) 5, 2 d) 5,4 e) 2, 5

10) ‘456’ means ‘she is beautiful’. ‘632’ means ‘he is handsome’. ‘517’ means ‘she works hard’, ‘486’ means ‘flower is beautiful’. Then codes of ‘flower’ and ‘is’ are?
a) 4,5 b) 2, 7 c) 8,6 d) 6, 7 e) 1,8

11) If ‘RELATION’ is written as ‘OFMBUJPS’. Then how ‘IMPORTANT’ is written?
a) JNQPSUBOU b) FNQPSUBOU c) UNQPSUBOJ
d) FNQPSUBOR e) None of these

12) If ‘ORKUT’ is coded as ’LIPFG’. How can ‘TUMBLR’ be coded?
a) RLBMUT b) GFNYOI c) IOYNFG
d) RBLMUT e) RBMLUT

13) In a certain language, ’DIRECTOR’ is coded as ‘IDERTCRO’, then how ‘CHAMPION’ is coded in that language?
a) HACMNOPI b) HCMNOPIA c) HCMAIPON
d) HCMAIPNO e) None of these

14) Which of the following words correctly decode the words ‘TBIZLJB’ if the simple alphabet shifting code is used?
a) ARTISTS b) FORWARD c) WELCOME
d) Cannot be determined e) None of them

15) Which of the following words correctly decode the word ‘EKWTIO’ if the simple alphabet shifting code is used?
a) CODING b) ANSWER c) OPTIONS
d) GROUPS e) PAPERS

Directions (16-20): Observe the coded language given below and answer the questions that follow.
In a certain code language.
A. ‘ju tu ne’ means ‘rain is heavy’
B. ‘ka ne da means ‘summer is hot’
C. ‘paa ble ka’ means ‘winter was hot’
D. ’tho pic joo’ means ‘clever student reads’
E. ‘sue tu qle’ means ‘rain drops fall’
F. ‘ble qle tho’ means ‘winter drops clever’

16) What is the code for ‘was’?
a) ble b) paa c) ka
d) can’t be determined e) none of these

17) What is the code for fall’? .
a) sue b) qle c) tho d) tu e) none of these

18) What is the code for ‘reads’?
a) pic b) joo c) tho d) either ‘pic’ or ‘joo’
e) none of these

19) What is the code for ‘winter heavy rain’ ?
a) ble ka ju b) ju tue qle c) ju tu ble
d) sue tu pic e) none of these

20) What is the code for ‘summer is clever’?
a) da tho ne b) pic sue ble c) ble tu ne
d) ble sue ne e) can’t be determined.

Directions (21-25): Observe the coded language given below and answer the questions that follow.
In a certain code language,
A. 7462′ means ‘you are very intelligent’;
B. ‘2357’ means ‘they seem very intelligent’;
C. ‘491’ means ‘you can see’;
D. ‘0852’ means Tiow intelligent they is’;
E. ‘896’ means ‘is can are’;

21) What is the code for ‘see’?
a) 1 b) 9 c) 4 d) 6 e) cannot be determined

22) What will be the decode of the digit ‘0’?
a) they b) how c) is
d) intelligent e) Cannot be determined

23) What will be the decode of the digit ‘2’?
a) seem b) they c) intelligent
d) very e) none of these

24) What will be the code for ‘they can see’?
a) 915 b) 916 c) 718
d) 719 e) Can’t be determined

25) What will be the code for ‘how very is’?
a) 714 b) 836 c) 807
d) Cannot be determined e) 208

26) “SURVEY’ is coded as ‘TTSUFX’ then ‘WISDOM’ is coded as?
a) XHTCPL b) XHTEPL c) XHRCPL
d) XHTCNL e) XHTCPN

27) ‘WISE MAN’ is coded as ‘1324 658’. ‘WINTER’ is coded as ‘138749’ then ‘SAME WATER’ is coded as?
a) 2764 15849 b) 2764 c) 2563 15849
d) 2456 15749 e) 2564 15749

28) ‘MOTIVATION’ is coded as ‘NOUIWAUIPN’, then ‘STRONG’ is coded as?
a) ABCDEF b) TTRSMG c) SSTTMG
d) GMOSTT e) TTSOOG

Explanations

The letters in this code are obtained in increasing order from +1. Similarly, WISDOM is coded as follows.

2)b; The code for the given word is obtained by the quotient without decimal value, when the sum of the position numbers is divided by the number of letters in that word.

INDIA = 7.

3) c; Here the code is obtained by writing the reverse order of 1st and 2nd half of the word. So, the code for, FACEBOOK is ’ECAF KOOB’.

4) b; The king of flowers is the ‘lotus’. But ‘lotus’ is called ‘poppy’. So, ‘poppy’ is the king of flowers.

5) d; We know that, tortoise crawls. In the given code language, the animals’that crawl are called ‘flying’. So, ‘tortoise’ is called flying’.

6) a; Lady supreme of a kingdom is ‘queen’. But ‘queens’ are ‘aces’.

7) d; From the given data, tire code for OLEIC is 74853′.

8) d; From statement (1) and (2), ‘India’ is coded as ‘8’.
From statement (2) and (3), ‘culture’ is coded as ‘3’.
From statement (1) and (3), ‘love’ is coded as ‘6’.
Now, from statement (1), we can say, I is coded as 1 and from statement (3),
‘we’ is coded as ‘4’.
The codes for ‘we’ and I are 4 and 1.

9) b; From statement (1) and (2), ‘beautiful’ → ‘3’.
From statements (2) and (3), ‘pleasant’→ ‘5’.

10) c; From statement (1) and (2), ‘is’→ 6.
From statement (1) and (4), ‘beautiful’→ 6.
Then from statement (4), we can say, ‘flower’→ 8.
Hence, option-c is correct choice.

11) c; Each letter in the word is moved one step forward and then first and last letters are interchanged.

12) b; Each letter in the word is replaced by its opposite letter to obtain the code.

13) d; A pair of two letters are reversed in order.

14) c; Solve this kind of questions using the given options. The given code is obtained by moving each letter of the word WELCOME three steps backward.

15) b; The given code is obtained by moving the letters of the word ANSWER which are at odd positions by 4 steps forward and the letters at even positions by 3 steps backward.

16) b; From statement (B) and (C), ‘hot’→ ‘ka’.
From statement (C) and (F), ‘winter’→’ble’.
By substituting above results in statement (C), we get the code for ‘was’ i.e. ’paa’.

17) a; From statements (E) and (F), ‘drops’→’qle’
From statements (A) and (E), ‘rain’ → ‘tu’.
By substituting above results in statement (E), we get the code for the word ‘fall’ i.e. ‘sue’.

18) d; From statements (D) and (F), ‘clever’ → ‘tho’.
the code for the word ‘reads’ will be either ‘pic’ or ‘joo’,
but we can’t say which is exactly from both of these.

19) c; From statements (C) and (F), ‘winter’ → ‘ble’.
From statements (A) and (E), ‘rain’→ ‘tu’.
From statements (A) and (B), ‘is’ →’ne’.
So, ‘heavy’ is coded as ‘ ju ‘.
:. ‘winter heavy rain’ is coded as combination of ‘ble’, ’tu’, ‘ju’, which is in option-c.

20) a; From statements (A) and (B), ‘is’ → ‘ne’.
From statements (B) and (C), ‘hot’ → ‘ka’.
Substitute above results in statement (B), ‘summer’→’da’ From statements (D) and (F), ‘clever’→’tho’.
Thus, the code for ‘summer is clever’ is ‘da tho ne’, which appears in option-a.

21) a; From statements (A) and (C), ‘you’ → ‘4’
From statements (C) and (E), ‘can’ → ‘9’ & ’see’→’l’

22) b; The digit ‘0’ is in statement (D).
So, from statements (D) and (E), ‘is’ → ’8’
From statements (B) and (D), ‘they’ → ’5’
From statements (A) and (D), ‘intelligent’ →’2’ thus ‘how’ → ‘O’. Therefore, the decode of ‘0’ is ‘how’.

23) c; From statements (A), (B): ’27’→’very intelligent’.
From statements (B), (D): ’25’→ ‘they intelligent’ From the above two statements, ‘2’ → ‘Intelligent’.

24) a; From statements (B) and (D), ‘they ‘→ ‘5’.
From statements (C) and (E), ‘can → ‘9’.
From statements (A) and (Q, ‘you’ → ‘4’.
So, ‘see’→ 1. Thus, the code for ‘they can see’ is ‘915’.

25) c; From the statements (D), (E): ‘is’→ ‘8’.
From statements (B), (D): ‘they intelligent’ → ‘2 5’. So, ‘how’ → ‘O’.
From (A), (B): ‘very intelligent’ → ‘2 7’.
By comparing above two statements ‘intelligent’ → ‘2’. So, ‘very’ → 7
Thus, the code for ’how very is’→ ‘708’.

26) a; S(+l) → T, U(-1)→T, R(+l)→S,
V(-l)→ U, E (+1)→ F, Y (-1) → X.
The letters increases and decreases by 1 alternatively.

Similarly, W (+1) →X, I (-1) →H, S (+1) →T,
D (-1) →C, O (+1)→P, M(-l) →L
WISDOM is coded as ‘XHTCPL’.

27) e;

From the above codes of corresponding letters, the code for SAME WATER is as follows.

‘SAME WATER’ is coded as ‘2564 15749’

28)e; Here only alternative letters are increased by 1.
:. ‘STRONG’ is coded as ‘TTSOOG’.